Journal of Life Science and Biomedicine  
J Life Sci Biomed, 9 (3): 64-67, 2019  
License: CC BY 4.0  
ISSN 2251-9939  
Etiological circumstances and pathogenic  
aspects of pulmonary infectious complications  
in recipients of kidney transplant  
Ravshan Aliyevich IBADOV1, Sardor Khamdamovich IBRAGIMOV1, Zulfiya Aymurzayevna  
SHANIYEVA1, Zokhidjon Turdaliyevich MATKARIMOV2, Raufbek Ravshanovich IBADOV1  
1Intensive Care Unit, Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of Surgery named after Academician V.Vakhidov,  
Tashkent, Uzbekistan  
2Department of Vascular Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, Republican Specialized Scientific-Practical Medical Center of  
Surgery named after Academician V.Vakhidov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan  
Corresponding author’s Email: dr.sardor.ibragimov@gmail.com  
ABSTRACT  
Original Article  
PII: S225199391900010-9  
Aim. This study aimed to determine the spectrum of pathogens and its resistance in the  
dynamics in patients with infectious complications after kidney transplantation.  
Methods. The results of the study of biomaterials from patients with infectious  
complications on the background of acute and chronic kidney transplant rejection have  
been studied.  
Rec.  
Rev.  
Pub.  
24 March  
20 April  
10 May  
2019  
2019  
2019  
Results. During the analyzed period, there was a tendency to change the spectrum of  
pathogens, the growth of the value of gram-negative bacteria. The sensitivity analysis of the  
isolated microorganisms over the study period (2010-2017) showed an increase in the  
resistance of the dominant pathogens. Also, there was a significant increase in the  
frequency of occurrence of Candida fungi.  
Conclusion. In most kidney transplant recipients with nosocomial infections is unavoidable.  
Therefore, a timely and adequate antibiotic therapy is required to constant control of  
modern pathogens with increased resistance.  
Keywords  
Kidney Transplantation,  
Immunosuppression,  
Chronic Graft Rejection,  
Infection,  
Recommendations. The increase in antibiotic resistance of the leading pathogens makes it  
necessary to study the antibioticogram of all strains isolated from patients for an adequate Lung Damage,  
choice of effective antibiotic therapy. The obtained data should be used to optimize  
empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with purulent-septic complications after kidney  
transplantation.  
Intensive Care  
INTRODUCTION  
Rehabilitation of patients with a renal transplant is a complex clinical task and is often associated with a  
number of problems, one of which is the problem of infectious complications. Immunosuppressive therapy,  
suppressing transplant immunity, reduces the patient's resistance to infections. Therefore, the success of  
kidney transplantation largely depends on the ability to achieve a balance between obtaining effective  
immunosuppression in order to prevent the transplant-rejection and maintaining immune protection at a level  
sufficient to protect the recipient from developing infectious complications [1-3]. Improvement of methods of  
preventing, diagnosing and treating infections, optimization immunosuppressive therapy over the past 10 years  
has made decreasing the rate of infectious complications after organ transplantation. But this group of  
complications continues to occupy one of the main places among the causes of death of patients after kidney  
transplantation. The incidence of infectious complications leading to fatal outcomes during the first year after  
transplantation, according to various sources, is from 2.6 to 51.7%, and in recipients over 60 years of age 18%  
to 42.8% [2].  
Infection remains one of the main causes of death for patients receiving various types of renal replacement  
therapy hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and after kidney transplantation [3-5]. In this case, the most  
common causative agent of infection are bacteria, which often have multiple antibacterial resistance.  
Irreversible damage to the lungs, as a result of an excessive immunopathological reaction to cytomegalovirus  
To cite this paper: Ibadov R A, Ibragimov S Kh, Shaniyeva Z A, Matkarimov Z T, Ibadov R R. 2019. Etiological circumstances and pathogenic aspects of  
pulmonary infectious complications in recipients of kidney transplant. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 9(3): 64-67; www.jlsb.science-line.com  
64  
(CMV) antigens, the expression of specific cytotoxic lymphocytes on infected lung cells leads to damage to the  
alveoli.  
Taking into account the constantly changing sensitivity of pathogens of bacterial infections to antibiotics,  
the growing resistance of pathogens requires a constant analysis of the composition and sensitivity of  
microflora. In this regard, the study of the etiological structure and antibiotic resistance of major pathogens is  
necessary for timely adequate antibiotic prophylaxis and empirical antibiotic therapy [6-8].  
The aim of study was to identify the spectrum of pathogens and its resistance over time in patients with  
infectious complications after kidney transplantation.  
MATERIAL AND METHODS  
The foundation of the study was the results of the examination and treatment of 105 patients after  
heterotopic related TP for the period 2010-2017. Of these, 101 patients were operated on in our center.  
Pulmonary complications with the development of bilateral interstitial pneumonia were observed in 7 patients  
in the immediate postoperative period, in 4 patients in the late, during the observation period from 1 month to 4  
years.  
Four more patients operated in clinics in India and Pakistan were hospitalized to our center with a clinic  
for acute lung injury syndrome in one case against acute and in three chronic kidney transplant rejection,  
pyelonephritis and bacterial pneumonia with further development of sepsis were also diagnosed.  
The materials for analysis were: urine (236 samples), blood (195 samples), discharge from drainages (220  
samples), sputum (217 samples), material of broncho-alveolar lavage (56 samples), and tracheal wash (220  
samples). Traditional methods for isolating and identifying microorganisms and determining their sensitivity  
to antimicrobial agents by the disk diffusion method were used. The species specificity of the isolated  
microorganisms was determined using standard methods using identification media (production ‘‘HiMedia’’,  
India). Investigated the effectiveness of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines,  
carbapenems, glycopeptides, inhibitor-protected antibiotics.  
In event of bronchopulmonary infection in the complex of conventional therapy, the new antimicrobial  
biotechnological medication FarGALS was used, which is characterized by a pronounced antiseptic and local  
anti-inflammatory effect. The antimicrobial activity of the FarGALS with respect to the isolated strains was  
determined by diffusion into agar. Accounting for the results was to measure the diameters of the zones of  
inhibition of the growth of test cultures around the wells. With zones up to 10 mm, cultures were considered  
stable, with zones of 11-14 mm being moderately resistant, with zones of 15 mm and above being sensitive.  
FarGALS has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity (active against gram-positive and gram-negative,  
aerobic and anaerobic, nesporoobrazuyushchy and spore-forming bacteria, etc., fungi of the genus Candida). In  
addition, the presence of antibodies against CMV in the serum was determined and the presence of CMV DNA  
was detected by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR),  
quantitative determination showed 3,5x106ME / ml in the blood. As well as dynamic control of C-reactive  
protein.  
Ethical approval  
The review board and ethics committee of RSSPMCS named after acad. V.Vakhidov approved the study  
protocol and informed consents were taken from all the participants.  
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  
The number of microbiological positive samples is reduced from 85% to 47%. A total of 236 cultures were  
isolated, of which gram-positive - 20%, gram-negative - 46%, fungi of the Candida river - 34%. From gram-  
positive: Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. met in 4.0-2.0% of cases, from gram-negative -  
Pseudomonas aerugenosa 2013.6%, Klebsiella pneumonia 43.28.7%, E. coli 1123.0%, Acinetobacter spp. - 8-  
39%. Strains Acinetobacter spp. excreted mainly from the trachea (patients on prolonged mechanical  
ventilation) - 77%. Among the samples of tracheobronchial aspirate in 25% of cases - were allocated, associated,  
most of the microbial associations included fungi. The results of the study of samples of biological media are  
represented in table 1. Most of all we studied the drain bag biological media (7.3-19%).  
To cite this paper: Ibadov R A, Ibragimov S Kh, Shaniyeva Z A, Matkarimov Z T, Ibadov R R. 2019. Etiological circumstances and pathogenic aspects of  
pulmonary infectious complications in recipients of kidney transplant. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 9(3): 64-67; www.jlsb.science-line.com  
65  
Table 1. The results of the study of samples of biological media (%)  
2010 г.  
2011 г.  
2012 г.  
2013 г.  
2014 г. 2015 г.  
2016 г.  
2017 г.  
Type of biomaterial  
0.6  
11  
2.6  
14  
-
-
1.7  
-
2.6  
19  
1.4  
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.6  
19  
1
Surgical wound  
Blood  
From the pleura  
From drain bag  
From the trachea  
From the bronchi (Sputum)  
5.4  
2
6.7  
11  
0.6  
0.3  
3.8  
14  
0.3  
5.3  
7.3  
3.1  
3
0.9  
4.8  
9.6  
3.8  
1.4  
-
-
2.3  
17  
0.6  
-
1.4  
10  
1.6  
-
2.6  
2
0.6  
-
0.6  
Table 2. Acinetobacter spp. resistance in ICU (%)  
Antibiotics  
2010 г.  
2011г.  
2012 г.  
2013 г.  
2014 г.  
2015 г.  
2016 г.  
2017 г.  
Ampicillin / Sulbactam  
Amoxicillin / Clavulanate  
Piperacillin / Tazobactam  
Imipenem  
100  
100  
-
100  
100  
-
100  
100  
82  
100  
100  
66.6  
13  
100  
100  
76  
100  
100  
87  
100  
100  
100  
85  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
20  
11.7  
41  
21  
11.7  
60  
21  
43  
Meropenem  
41  
66.6  
-
76  
87  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
57  
Ertapenem  
-
-
-
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
73  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
85  
Cefazolin  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
66.6  
100  
86  
78  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
84  
100  
78  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
82  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
100  
66.6  
100  
88  
Cefuroxime  
Cefotaxime  
Ceftazidime  
Ceftriaxone  
Cefoperazone  
Cefoperazone / Sulbactam  
Cefepime  
100  
86  
100  
90  
100  
100  
100  
66  
Gentamicin  
Amikacin  
90  
17.6  
16  
90  
90  
90  
Tetracycline  
Doxycycline  
46  
41  
17.6  
11.7  
76  
26  
68  
16  
52  
50  
19  
15  
Ofloxacin  
78  
90  
100  
78  
90  
100  
100  
100  
100  
0
100  
100  
100  
100  
0
100  
100  
100  
100  
4
100  
100  
100  
100  
5
Ciprofloxacin  
Levofloxacin  
Gatifloxacin  
100  
-
100  
100  
-
100  
-
-
-
-
Polymyxin  
0
0
0
0
According to the data obtained, one of the most prevalent thing were respiratory diseases in the structure  
of severe infections. The sensitivity analysis of the isolated microorganisms over the study period (2010-2017)  
shows that there is a tendency to increase the resistance of the dominant pathogens. Gram-positive cocci in  
patients with a renal transplant currently retain sensitivity to vancomycin, rifampicin, IV generation  
cephalosporins, amikacin. Recently (2014-2017) among the most “topical” pathogens are Ps.aeruginosa,  
Klebsiella pneumonia, E.coli, Acinetobacter spp. There is a high increase in resistance (for example,  
Acinetobacter spp., Table 2), so the range of medications active in their regard was extremely limited: the latest  
generation cephalosporins (75-100% R), fluoroquinolones (75-100% R), imipenem (80, 0-70.0% R), polymyxin B  
(7.0-19.0% R), amikacin (69.0-55.0% R).  
Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of the medication "FarGALS" in relation to the isolated strains  
showed high sensitivity - 22 mm. In detection of IgG antibodies, IgM against CMV, antiviral therapy with  
Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir was performed, after which the control determination of IgM against CMV, as  
well as the determination of CMV DNA by PCR showed a negative result, which gives us the opportunity to  
proceed to reduce the infection activity to latent forms.  
The dynamics of the observation of the C-reactive protein level showed a generalization of the infection  
with C-reactive protein rates above 70 mg/l; in connection with which de-escalation antibacterial therapy was  
To cite this paper: Ibadov R A, Ibragimov S Kh, Shaniyeva Z A, Matkarimov Z T, Ibadov R R. 2019. Etiological circumstances and pathogenic aspects of  
pulmonary infectious complications in recipients of kidney transplant. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 9(3): 64-67; www.jlsb.science-line.com  
66  
carried out. The inclusion of the medication “FarGALS” in the complex for the prevention and treatment of  
purulent-inflammatory lung diseases in the form of nebulizer therapy and fibrobronchoscopic bronchial lavage  
can reduce the incidence of early and late specific bronchopulmonary complications and achieve a clinical  
improvement in patients already by 2-3 days and reduce their recovery time.  
In the early postoperative period, one case death was observed in a 47-year-old man. The cause of death  
was the crisis of rejection, bilateral lower lobe pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute  
cardiovascular failure. These data demonstrate the leading position of respiratory diseases in the structure of  
severe infections. In the structure of nosocomial infection in ICU - Acinetobacter spp. is a leading pathogen  
that can cause infections of any location and is highly resistant to all groups of antibacterial medications. For  
example, over the past 10 years, the rate of seeding of this pathogen was 5.4-39%, i.e. increasing it by 7 times.  
CONCLUSION  
For most kidney transplant recipients, infection with nosocomial infections is unavoidable. Increasing  
resistance of modern pathogens requires its constant control for timely and adequate antibiotic therapy.  
Detection the risk factors for the development of bacterial and fungal infectious complications after kidney  
transplantation allowed the targeted implementation of preventive measures both before and after kidney  
transplantation, which led to a decrease in the frequency of these complications.  
The increase in antibiotic resistance of the leading pathogens makes it necessary to study the  
antibioticogram of all strains isolated from patients for an adequate choice of effective antibiotic therapy. The  
obtained data should be used to optimize empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with purulent-septic  
complications after kidney transplantation.  
DECLARATIONS  
Acknowledgements  
This work was supported by Republican specialized scientificpractical medical center of surgery named  
after academician V.Vakhidov, Tashkent, Uzbekistan  
Authors’ Contributions  
All authors contributed equally to this work.  
Competing interests  
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.  
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To cite this paper: Ibadov R A, Ibragimov S Kh, Shaniyeva Z A, Matkarimov Z T, Ibadov R R. 2019. Etiological circumstances and pathogenic aspects of  
pulmonary infectious complications in recipients of kidney transplant. J. Life Sci. Biomed. 9(3): 64-67; www.jlsb.science-line.com  
67